Against all odds, 122 countries agreed in July to ban nuclear weapons. At the heart of the United Nations treaty is an explicit ethical goal: to protect peoples of the world from the humanitarian catastrophe that would ensue if nuclear weapons were employed. Once 50 countries ratify the treaty, it will enter into international law.

The United States lobbied hardest against this treaty, contending that these weapons of mass destruction keep us secure. Despite this morbid logic, we learned recently that our government’s leaders have a set of fortified sites constructed to save themselves in the event of nuclear catastrophe while the rest of us fend for ourselves.

But the U.S. leaders who would know best about weapons and national security — generals and weapons scientists —have had a different take on the security and morality of nuclear weapons, from their first use in 1945 through today.

American leaders from all branches of the armed forces, among them Generals Eisenhower, Arnold, Marshall and MacArthur, and Admirals Leahy, Nimitz, and Halsey strongly dissented from the decision to use the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki for both military and moral reasons. Japan was already defeated and in peace negotiations with the Soviet Union — surrender was imminent. Bombing dense human settlements was barbarous and would shock world opinion, and a demonstration bombing away from residential areas (also suggested by many atomic bomb scientists) could be used instead to force immediate surrender.

The top military commanders concurred that the decision to use the atomic bomb was political, not military. The U.S. wanted to demonstrate the new atomic weapon that only we possessed to intimidate the Soviet Union. The opposite happened: an arms race between the U.S. and Soviet Union ensued. Today seven other countries also possess nuclear weapons (Britain, France, China, Pakistan, India, Israel and North Korea), with the ever-present specter of their use, an accident, or their theft by terrorists. (Two countries, South Africa and Iran have relinquished their programs and signed the new nuclear weapons ban treaty).

On Feb. 2, 1998, retired Gen. George Butler, former commander of the U.S. Strategic Air Command, spoke to the National Press Club. He said, “The likely consequences of nuclear weapons have no politically, militarily, or morally acceptable justification … The unbounded wantonness of their effects … transcend time and space, poisoning the earth and deforming its inhabitants for generation after generation. They … expunge all hope for meaningful survival. They hold in their sway not just the fate of nations but the very meaning of civilization.” He joined 60 other retired generals and admirals calling for nuclear weapons abolition.

At their 40th anniversary reunion in Los Alamos, New Mexico, 70 of 110 physicists who had worked on the atomic bomb signed a statement in support of nuclear disarmament.

A word about Korea, given the nuclear tensions between that country and the U.S. In 2013, former president and Korean War veteran Jimmy Carter spoke at Lafayette College about the U.S. policy toward North Korea. He traced the current crisis to the Bush administration’s repeal of a 1994 agreement with North Korea that assured North Korea would not develop nuclear weapons in exchange for energy and economic aid.

In the early 1990s, Carter was asked by the North Korean leader Kim II Sung to come to North Korea “because,” he said, “no one in the U.S. government would talk to the North Koreans.” After persuading the adverse Clinton administration for permission, he met with Kim II Sung who expressed the desire for a peace treaty with the United States and to have the economic embargo lifted against his country. The result of their talks was a successful diplomatic agreement that ended the Korean nuclear weapons program in exchange for lifting an economic embargo and allowing Americans to search for the remains of Korean War veterans.

The Bush administration dismantled that agreement and included North Korea in the “Axis of Evil” countries, making it an explicit target of regime change. North Korea responded by restarting a nuclear weapons program, weapons testing and chest-beating war rhetoric. The Obama administration (and, in lockstep, the Trump administration) ratcheted up war games with South Korea, including a simulated nuclear attack on North Korea. Thus, a small, poor country wasted by its own militarization and the world’s militarized superpower are locked in a nuclear standoff.

Carter concluded his address at Lafayette College: “I’ve been there two or three times since the 1994 agreement, and I can tell you what the North Koreans want is a peace treaty with the United States and they want the 60-year economic embargo lifted against their people, so they can have an equal chance to trade and commerce. It’s a very paranoid country. They are honestly convinced that the United States wants to attack them and destroy their country, to eliminate the Communist regime. They make a lot of mistakes, but if the United States would just talk to the North Koreans … I believe … we could have peace, and the United States would be a lot better off in the long run.”

On Aug. 6, the commemorative event The World We Want: Hiroshima and Nagasaki-Never Again, sponsored by American Friends Service Committee and community partners, will be held at Nashawannuck Pond in Easthampton from 7 to 8:30 p.m.

On Aug. 9, the documentary “Command and Control” about a 1980s near-nuclear weapon catastrophe in Arkansas will be shown by the Resistance film series at the Forbes Library in Northampton from 6:30 to 8:30 pm.

Pat Hynes, a retired environmental engineer and professor of environmental health, directs the Traprock Center for Peace and Justice of western Massachusetts in Greenfield. Frances Crowe, of Northampton, has protested nuclear weapons since the first atomic bomb was exploded on the city and people of Hiroshima.

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